State-of-charge (SOC) management is critical for mitigating thermal and electrochemical risks during transit:Safety Rationale: Lower SOC (≤30%) reduces reaction energy and heat generation during abuse events (e.g., short circuits). While not mandated by IMDG Code, this threshold aligns with IATA air transport standards and insurer preferences.Compliance: For loose cells/modules (UN3480/UN3481), SOC must be documented via...