Common 3.7V lithium-ion cells use distinct cathode materials, each with trade-offs:
- Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO): High energy density but lower thermal stability and cycle life. Ideal for compact devices prioritizing runtime.
- Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC): Balances energy density, safety, and cycle life (300–1,200 cycles depending on depth of discharge). Widely used in consumer electronics.
- Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP): Safer and longer-lasting (~2,000+ cycles) but lower nominal voltage (3.2V) and energy density. Suitable for high-temperature or high-cycle applications.
All chemistries rely on lithium-ion intercalation, where ions move between graphite anodes and metal-oxide cathodes. The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed during initial cycles is critical for stability. Charging follows a CC/CV profile (e.g., 0.5C to 4.2V, then tapering), while discharge curves flatten between ~3.9V–3.5V.
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